Chapter 7 and 8 notes for Made to Break

This isn't near all of the notes for the 2 chapters in Made to Break--- rest will come soon!
So far in chapter 7:

1960’s-America saw a beginning toward an information society. With many products being developed, obsolescence started to take on abstract meanings, not just physical objects: training, knowledge, skills. Obsolescence->miniaturized circuitry->start of e-waste.

Emulation, miniaturization, microchips: Emulation is the ability to run software applications of earlier less powerful computers with losses in processing speed. Convinced consumers to reinvest in IBM hardware because earlier investment in software, data storage, personnel training wouldn’t become obsolete. 1965 – The first IBM System/360s shipped- same yr of the PDP-8 minicomputer and geranium crystal transistor; first integrated circuits ever used in computers. Integrated circuits made compactness possible->miniaturization. Gordon Bell, the architect for the PDP (by Kenneth Olsen, founder of Digital Equipment Corp) believed that simpler machines with fewer instructions would consistently perform as well as larger machines. Revenues went up for DEC, but nothing compared to IBM so far. IBM missed DEC’s great expansion, corporate model and target audience. Companies went to PDP for their needs, they couldn’t afford IBM’s mainframes. DEC looked at the need for subminiaturization and lightweight circuits. 1958 – government funded research into micromodules for a new level of submin. Jack Kilby designed a single wafer semiconductor of germanium. Robert Noyce designed a semiconductor circuit in 1959 called Micrologic-with silicon – the “monolithic idea”. 1963 – IBM engineers were becoming worried their micro-modules were becoming obsolete because of the invention of mono-lithics. ICs become more available and cheaper but IBM still didn’t want to use them and still used ceramic micro-module circuitry. Many other areas in the U.S. used ICs: Aviation’s Autonetics, NASA...